N87BASE
BUILDUP
J.D. Geophysics
Group, Los
17742
SCENARIOS
Blactc
Los Alamos National Alamos, NM 87545
Laboratory
ABSTRACT Two
Mars
help
vlsualize
the
first
early
in
the
the
and
the
at
in thls aided
the
as
on
early
Scientific
of
to
the
of
the
in
for
studies.
trade
Martian
of
first,
the
manned
In occur and
infrastruc-
for
surface once
to
driver
an
moons
but
a permanently
main
of
Martian
order
surface
Is the
development
exploration
relative
presented
the
investigation
resources
presence
are
a basis
landings
scenario,
scenario
by
to serve
manned
volatlle
is emphasized.
scenarlos
scientific
second
purposes
rapldly,
and
direct
missions
to exploit
build-up
mission
In the
first
base
scenario,
rationale. ture
surface
economic is
delayed
begun
orbital
develops
station.
INTRODUCTION In
order
conceptual
basis,
specific
the
can
as
serve
requirements)
context
on
and
form
(see
one
hand
refs.
manned
Mars
missions easily
[1],
and
twenty
extended
considerable
less
other
it
hand, could
The
by
seems
achieve
two,
by
a potentially believe
and for
economic
start
of
two
or more
likellhood that
252
of
of
but
sustained
overall
less
goals.
reasonable "end
science on
goals
the
rationales over
These with,
somewhat
of
basic
the
etc.
represent
extend
date.
anything
set
motivations
arbitrarily
the
ambitious
and
discussions
from
costing,
perhaps
political
propulsion
necessity,
large
they
clearly scenarios
(e.g.,
are
unlikely the
calculation
firm
or more
more
bulld-up
I propose
scenarios
and
Base
more one
to
studies,
[3]
factors
impact
back
national
years
it possible
mission.
a
establish
trade
I
and
mission).
makes
to
on
for
operational
[2],
studies
ground
from
emphasize
versus
be
missions
a common
for
mission
is helpful
overall
basis
Nevertheless, that
It
Thls
the
selected
Mars
that
scenarios
cases
cases
the
of
a consistent
alternatives. member"
manned
scenarios.
evolutionary
arbitrary
the
I believe
mission
vlsualize
The
to place
other for
five
manned
numbers in
my
funding. than
three
a
could opinion, On
the
manned
COLUMBUS BAS___ESCENARIO _ective The
overall
outpost
on
objective
the
exploration
of
surface the
of of
this
Mars
scenario
to
serve
is
as
a
to
establish
base
a
for
the
manned
scientific
planet.
Time-llne The years dual
missions
before
the
missions
landing has
been
and
base.
Two
years
mission
until
relief
at
exploration
the
of
continues
and
Unmanned The
expands Precursor of
an
potential
future
missions,
and
knowledge
the
be
supplemented
the
high-lncllnatlon acquired allow meters, hazard. small
a per
smallest
Resolution number
of
the
spaced
"opposi4
years
1).
three
The
fourth
sites
ends
the
of
of
left
first
crew
crew
is
phase
(not
the
expanded
the
crew
that of
an of
(2
of
landing
portion
a
it's
the
on
Mars
of
the
discussed)
the
that
planet.
sites
of size
in
Martian
the
risk
informaof
the
first
vicinity
processing
important
considerable
obtain
the
of
These
to
reduce
feasibility
for
resources
operational
increase
to
position
which
optical
resolution boulders
in
253
imagery about
like
a
to
likely
imagery
is more
a satellite
of
down
object
of Viking and
is
objec-
basic
scientific
moons.
from plxel
will assets
moons. by
mission
that
the
spacecraft
discrimination the
of
lands
occupation
essential
and
orbit
with
sites
Martian
Mars
I envision
mission
establishment
phase
precursor
determine
within
about
unmanned
landlng position
will
a
This
human
that
Table
hold-over
second
assumed are
C,
begin
When
a
indivi-
explorations
mission
a
(the
previous
to
fifth
surface
are
and
the
later,
assumes
and
four
Mission
landing,
tives
base.
permanent
manned
contained
of
opportunity. and
B,
which
the months
next
Mars
purpose
about
some
at the
years landings
A, one
later
is
identical
sites
of
leaves
three
to
It
2
approximately
Martian
below). every
site
precursor the
essentially
the
construction
fifth
detail
returns as
on
first
are
later
selected
complete
tion
in
(designated
years
unmanned
landing
The
planet
two
an
approximately
apart the
permanent to
discussed
(ref.[4]).
opportunities) on
with
manned
occur
type
sites
first
are
opportunities tion"
begin
to
is 100
in a
of
one
the
about meters
ten
surface
wlll
be
meter.
This
would
of
about
three
dimension represent
low-altitude,
a serious meters
or more
at over
landing best
at
most
a of
o
"--
0 A
I
0
,
254
u
a
a
n
the planet. picking
If the Viking
landing
resolution size
kilometer
too
that
but
extensively the
basis
and
possibly
(laser)
the
of high
of
should
be of
opinion,
the
designed
for
long
feature
and
a
subsequent TV
this
transmission
plus
will
of
the
in Mars
the
large
the
It
manned
amount
necessitate
an
so
of
optical
of
the
possibi-
the
first slte
at to
landing crew
sites
validate
observation. hlgh
data
transmit
that
missions
It can
wlll and
rate
the
large
This
Is highly
bandwidth
few
productive
ten)
scientific
high house-
landing
imagery.
llfe
missions.
that
a very
resolution
for
the
This
more
to
basis
using
a
orbital
orbit
include
true
have
install
to
craft.
(say,
on
the
evaded
and
then
as
encounter
select
safer
based
also
well
It is and
and
operational
manned
coverage
me.
a number
hlgh
be
to
images
the
could
to
be
have
planned
a landing
it would
satellite by
not
orbit
sites
we
of
from
mission
required
that
crew
risk
these
data
the
landing
prlorltlze
communication
amount
Is
surface
repriorltlze
that
distributed
resolution
that
best
Observer
first
that
and
the
capability
I argue
propose
Mars
unnecessary
preplan
on
all
an
scrutinize
time,
I
hovering
llke
could
the
is
extensively
lateral
seems
crew
(the
imagery),
hazards
lity
sites
data
comsat
be
used
by
likely,
in
my
be
a
required
operational
communication
data capabi-
lity. Flnally, contain If
these
processed
needed
for
to
large
use
be
scenario
cursor
mission
As
it's
also
their
noted
above,
sites
dated
by a
upon
example,
For
be
example,
wlth
below.
wlth
one
or
both
[5].
could
be or
the
amounts
very
large
savings.
the
basis
of
the
I propose
that
the
pre-
forms
Consequently,
Delmos
propellant
lessen
potentially
exploitation
that
rocket to
and
materials
resources
manufactured
Earth
Phobos
carbonaceous
important
economic
of
the
moons
and
deter-
compositions.
I propose
different
the
and
moons
Landings
three
on
could
rendezvous
Martian
of water
missions.
from
presented
certainty
First
the
and
the
represent
transported
possibillty
with
by
that
amounts
consumables
second
mine
possible
materlals
support
This
Is
relatively
so,
llfe
it
crew
basis
of
preselected arrival
a balance
a landing
on
that
of
Tharsis
the
first
using
the
in Mars
orbit.
scientific or 255
even
and Olympus
three
manned
precursor The
results
sites
operatlonal Mons
landings
would
will
and be
be
at
vali-
selected
criteria.
For
be
and
exciting
valuable
from
tenuous
Martian
water
production
solar
flare
initial I
a
scientific
viewpoint,
atmosphere
would
(ISPP,
sites
envision
a
Thus, after
crew
surface
and
two
vicinity
of
Mars
will
at
least
for
support of
the
and
installation
rover for
science
important
operational
determine
the
materials
down
exploitable of
different attaining
blish
important to
shelter,
possibly
first
be
landings, lity
of
to
gain
some
with if
as
outpost
is The
It
is
goal
of
the
vicinity
of
(EVA)-type proposals [6].
The
An be
Martian presence
of
factor
that
likelihood
to
surface
selection
presumed
reasonable
probable
certainly
the
prime
and
with
of
for three
success
in
assets
and The
to
evaluate
actual
small
scale
Tests
will
for
self
carry crew
tunnel and
out will
basic
performed
sufficiency
as
water
the
second
since by
the
after
or the
will time
Tests production
evaluate It
addi-
radiation
tests.
and
to
possible
esta-
[7],
mechanics
on
consumption,
a
techniques
propellant
be
will In
construct
rock
production
crew
investigations
driving
in-sltu
human
the
be the
third
possibidesirable permanent
established.
surface
data
will
within
a
with
elsewhere
Investigations,
excavation
plants much
a
explosive
possible.
growing
is
evaluation.
performed
techniques
and
scientific
using
performing
will
base,
be
the
investigations
kilometers.
will
on
Detailed
goal
water
crew
goal. the
water
of
water
operational
the
scientific
Mars the
activity
vehicle.
the in
immediate
presented
several
there
important to
as
the
for
monitor
prime
extravehicular
are
of of
The
and
time
will
moons
there.
on
the
scientific
Martian
rover
absence
depths
crew
orbital
an
Apollo
or
sites
addition
of
land
of
ray
goals.
total
part
investigate
well
permanent
this
In
tional
to
landing
orbital
plants
aid
the
as
presence
the
The
Investigations
quantities
siting
tion
the to
with
the
will
or
established
mission
The
months
investigate
intensively
with
orbit.
perform
processing
similar
surface
two
In
whom
cosmic
be
all
already
propellant of
will of
of
the
ln-sttu
compromise
four
of
severity
analysis
aonths.
and
to
the
remain
about
six
be
site
vehicle
will
be
pilot
increase
six,
activities,
will
landing
whom
thinness
preclude
some
of
the
probably
extensive
size
visit of
crew
the
of
surface
Mars,
surface
and
irradiations.
landing
surface
ISWP)
but
and
crew
will
experience,
return
scientific
and 256
leave
behind
samples a
and
radiation
data
plus
shelter,
operarover,
scientific
equipment,
facilities
to
form
a
"line
selected)
or
and
possibly
the
start
shack"
if
propellant
of the
and
a permanent
site
water
base
manufacturing
(if
is revisited
the
later
site
for
is
scientific
purposes. Establishing On at
the
one
nent base. for
fourth
of
base
the
be
will
to
expand
at
rover
sites
of
to
fuels
be
This The
begin
landed
will
permanent
water
twelve
in the is
used
to
of
expand
of
surface
radiation
agricultural
the
designed
the
A
land
a perma-
vicinity
specially
habitation.
will
will
construction
constructed
evaluate
and
of
that
be
originally
for
crew
exploration
will
to further
production
expanded
scientific
modified
constructed
tained
the
base.
and
an
visited
activities.
the
expanded
be
mission,
EVA-type
moving
facilities will
manned
second
"earth"
Base
previously
and
A
the
shelter
test
enclosure
techniques.
begin
and
inventories
around
the
base
Suswill
be
expand
and
accumulated. Scientific become with
more a range
exploration
sophisticated of
about
meteorological piloted
Columbus
the along not
initial
ISPP,
[8]
100km
that
landing manned
old
vehicles
be
introduced
and
In
of
be
aided of
will
a shirt-sleeve
addition,
a range
occur on
vehicles,
food
will
equipment.
aid
will
has
will
a nuclear
ISWP,
the
[6].
landing
additional
before,
with
region
long
roving
range
geophysical
by deployment
several
vehicle
of
thousand
a
and
remotely
kilometers.
Base
fifth
with
the
investigations
airplane
The
of
power
This
the
will
base
to do
some
supplies,
new
so.
will
point
something
like
years
after
people
will
land
and, be
vehicles A new,
any
twelve
Fifteen
Habitats The
reach be
new
surface.
plant.
production.
can
the
equipment,
be modified
that
at
on
will
use
range
planet
a manned
this
expanded
long
the
by
along ISPP
and
vehicle
with
scout
time
rocket
if
with the will
men
and
or
air
vehicle. At the
this
rest
will
opportunity. Mars
will
point, stay The
then
about over
a third
until
permanent
of
relieved
scientific
begin.
257
the by
crew
will
a resupply
exploration
return
to
Earth
ship
at
the
next
exploitation
of
and
and
PHOBOS STATION
SCENARIO
An alternative sizes
approach
development
of
Mars
activities
are
attempted.
scenario.
The
Idea
contain
very
missions
to
addition,
to
then of
may
other
volatile
on
have
any
to
may that
the
is
the
visit
alkali
but
are
lunar
as
supply
sustained
Martian
if
an
not
are
plus
large
metals.
moons
as
economic
more,
sources
of
these of
ls
only
which The
not
of I
than
amounts
[10]
do
for
compelling
correct,
Mars
Earth
and
rationale
in
delivering
from
Therefore,
or
ingredients
asteroids.
periods
for
All
essential
from
driver
suggested
Delmos
orbit
may
the
Furthermore,
or
moons
opposed,
If
[9]
and
activities. of
water
Earth-crossing
for the
basis
equally,
Moon
terms,
industrial
form
N,
Moon,
besides
over
of
the
as
[3].
activities.
delta-V
source
space
the
C,
be
rationale
and
Station"
Martian
will
Phobos
lO15kg
as
to
in
advantages
of
surface
"Phobos
the
reasons
industrial
resources
difficult
near-Earth
sions
space
alternative
more
facts
rare
that
economic
as
are
expensive,
are
much
elements
valuable
main
as
is
empha-
extensive
the
exploitation
compositions
contain
approach
political
exploration
before
approach
largely
such
these
the
a
elements
large-scale
this
whose
volatile
future
as
this
and
chondrite
they
half
on
surface
infrastructure
resources
based
Martian
I call
scientific
carbonaceous
direct
orbital
behind
valuable Mars
to
Is
latter
appear
to
volatiles
for
believe
that
manned
Mars
scientific
these mis-
curiosity.
Objective The
overall
objective
infrastructure
to
resources. for
This
manned
of
support
this the
Mars-orbital
scientific
scenario
is
economic
of
establishment
development
infrastructure
exploration
the
of
would
the
Martian
then
of
the
Phobos/Deimos
be
a
way-station
surface.
Time-line The to
that
this
case
Martian
missions
begin
proposed
in
the
emphasis
moons
surface.
Two
will
be
scientific and
the
Two
years
with years
launched.
with the will
this,
be
later,
of an
pilot
on no
wtll
resource
unmanned 258
Mars
(Table
2).
observation
and aimed
manned
ISPP
to
activities
first
mission and
scenario
placed
the
precursor
Base
essentially
investigation
after
unmanned
Columbus
This
establishment
an
have
mission
to
as
it's
assessment and
mission
ISWP will
of
plants be
orbit
similar
However,
In
sampling
of
at
Martian
Mars
vicinity
goals
the
detailed
the
Martian
on
the
the
or
launched
near to
the
moons, Phobos. position
oJ
o_
o_
_o_
0
_ o
0
0 ÷
_
o ?
=_
_
_=
o_
o_
o_
o_
_
A
A
o o_
c_
_0
! o_
o_ w
7. _ _o
=
-_ o_
_
"i NI
259
N
II
|
N
II
N
S
near
Phobos
cial
the
gravity
Phobos
will
structural
habitat be
from
capabilities
which
appear
At
the
next
operation
to
such be
the
be
established
and
resupply
and
each
essentially
blished
Phobos
Earth
orbit.
would
be
place
surface
explorations.
With
ration
could
at
approach, By
develop
probably
+12
(the
by
same
to establish
which
explore
should
proceed
the
the
a permanent planet.
pace
then the
seem
direct
thrust
of
mission. and
begin
wlth
crew
rotations
+8 or
+10
I
traffic
surface
would
the
the
exploration
an
of
in which
surface
the
the
Base
should
and
advantage
explo-
vehicles.
it
Martian
low
Mars
Columbus
scenario)
benefit
first
roving
on,
esta-
to
surface
the
on
be
infrastructure
launch
base
that
the
to
the
expect
thence
+6,
with
then
and
by
Base
approach
propulsion
assemble
Station,
offer
advanced
freight
teleoperated
added
to
utilize
from
years
than
Columbus
From
to the
Phobos
volatiles
will
which
manned
would
compared
be from
development Phobos
for
Base
continued
surface
landings
first. Establishing I
face
will
not
landings. Base
focus the
for
or
artifi-
production
tanker
unmanned,
resources
development
bus
as
of
to ISPP
probably
rapid
of
and
space
from
aid
a more
sent
unmanned
Station the
perhaps
type
year
of
low
this
few
By
then,
although
and
the
lunar
similarly
facilities,
cone
next
means
time
possible to
over
Phobos
can
be
mining
before
at
to
will
routine,
However,
in
suited
to
a permanent,
nuclear-electrlc
Volatiles
Station
of
processing
cargo
opportunity.
substantlal, from
as
a crew
expanded
at
and
large
ideally
station.
elements
mining
This
opportunity,
of
support
which
controlled.
propulsion would
and
the
manned,
station
as
discuss These
scenario
on
a Manned
one
and
detail
the
unmanned
should
be
similar
to
element
a rotating
Station
in
any
artificial
Orbital
differences that
be
is decidedly
gravity,
structure
can
Mars
those seen
sur-
for
the
in Table
2.
Instead,
in this
station. 600m
or manned
proposed
different
orbital
approximately
precursor
Colum-
approach
I envision
in diameter
I the
providing
8
I equally Martian hand,
have assumed Phobos as the site for an orbital station, but an good case can be made for Deimos. Phobos is closer to the surface which would facilitate activities there. On the other Deimos is more loosly bound so that reduced delta-V's would be
required relative to Phobos for frequent interplanetary insertion maneuvers. Some balance of these and other issues will need to be struck before a final decision on the orbital station location can be made. 260
about
1/3
Earth
similar
to
station
would
that
adequately times a
also
habitat on
darily,
the
tigation to
on
adapted
about
6
The
Phobos
and, will
people
surface
so
crews
Mars.
Initially,
and
that
manned
staging
quite
will
be
to
pro-
and
on
refining
p.9).
Secon-
remote
inves-
manned
expedi-
vehlcles
effective
operations
should three
for of
and the
the
or
for
base
to
two
mining
station
be
crew
footnote,
teleoperatton be
a
the
(see
to
station
station
operating
a
chosen
adapted
to
research
as
will
replace,
a
Is
the
the
Detmos
and
surface
of
In
as
expect
that
expandable
function
surface
Martian
be
engaged
I
not
value
function
Martian
but
gravity
eventually,
surface.
supplement,
This
to
primary
personnel
the
1RPM.
Martian
for
the
the
lities
be
station
of
at
the
amount.
operations
tions
of
house
that
vide
gravity
and
will
faci-
strongly
surface.
SUMMARY I manned cal
outlined
base
on
(i.e.,
the to
have
it)
tion
the
21st
element
and
exploration
of
the
once
appear may
to
be
the
REFERENCES [I]
do
the
surface
needed
surface
landings
so from
a much
powerful
(All
are
Carr,
M.,
in
and this
1985,
second
report
"Science
the
#5,
as
looks
more
in order
to deve-
moon
resources. begin,
they
thus
thls
base
and run.
the
long
#9,
and
#10.)
Mission
becomes
manned
In
of
a Manned
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rationale Manned
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similar
approach,
investigations
objectives
then
volatile
I propose
Martian
approach
Mars
extensive
somewhat
politi-
industrializa-
moons
infrastructure
except
something
Station"
scientific
fruitful
the
permanent
paramount,
space
scenario
"Phobos
stronger
by
Martian
Is delayed
and
(or
for
the
a
and
are
Base"
demand
to exploit
Manned
Mission",
the
In thls
Martian
goals
If, driven
in
of
scientific
Mars)
"Columbus
economic
then
establishment
achieving
on
contained
effective.
more
men
logical.
It will,
infrastructure
However,
land
probably
the
the If
I call
most
century,
I think
appropriate
lop
the
resources as
to
scenario
be
to
surface.
first
mission to
approaches
Martian the
seems
in
strong
the
being
direct
two
for
Mars
Mission
[3]
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R.S.,
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Mars
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D.T.
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A.,
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and
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position
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T.C.,
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R.D.,
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A
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